D-Glucose

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D-Glucose
2D structure for D-Glucose
Chemical Name	(3R,4R,5S,6S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
Chemical Formula	C₆H₁₂O₆
CAS Number	50-99-7
Chemical Information	HMDB00122
Biochemical Taxonomy	Not Available
Functional Taxonomy	Not Available
Nutritional Taxonomy	Carbohydrates
Metabolic Pathways	Alanine and Aspartate Metabolism Arginine and D-Ornithine Metabolism Glyoxylate and Dicarboxylate Metabolism Pyruvate Metabolism
Biofluid Location	Blood Breast Milk Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Saliva Urine
Tissue Location	Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Gland Adrenal Medulla Beta Cell Bladder Brain Brain Plaques Epidermis Eye Lens Fetus Fibroblasts Gonads Gut Intestine Kidney Liver Lung Mouth Muscle Myelin Nerves Neurons Pancreas Pla Placenta Adipose Tissue
Normal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood: 12000.0 +/- 4440.0 uM Blood: 2200.0 (1100.0-3300.0) uM Blood: 2750.0 (2200.0-3300.0) uM Blood: 4440.0 +/- 100.0 uM Blood: 4440.0 +/- 370.0 uM Blood: 4450.0 (3300.0 - 5600.0) uM Blood: 4470.0 +/- 346.0 uM Blood: 4570.0 +/- 411.0 uM Blood: 4750.0 +/- 184.0 uM Blood: 5181.0 +/- 394.0 uM Blood: 5300 (4900-5700) uM Blood: 5350.0 +/- 120.0 uM Blood: 5400.0 (4700.0-6100.0) uM Blood: 5450.0 (4200.0 - 6700.0) uM Breast Milk: 4500.0+/- 100.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 1720.0 (1560.0-1880.0) uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 2960 +/- 1110 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): 5390.0 +/- 1650.0 uM Saliva: >10 uM Urine: > 0.65 umol/mmol creatinine
Normal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Diseases / Conditions Related to Nutrition	Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) Dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) Diabetes Diabetic ketosis Exercise Glucoglycinuria Hyperlipidaemics not on pharmacological treatment
Other (Monogenic Disorders)	Glucose transport defect, blood-brain barrier OMIM: 606777 Glucose/galactose malabsorption OMIM: 606824
Abnormal Biofluid Concentrations	Blood (Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)): 6000.0 (5000.0-6800.0) uM Blood (Exercise): 4470.0 +/- 110.0 uM Blood (Hyperlipidaemics not on pharmacological treatment): 5114.0 +/- 483.0 uM Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) (Dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT)): 3700.0 (3200.0-4200.0) uM Urine (Diabetes): 19700.0 umol/mmol creatinine Urine (Diabetic ketosis): 79.6 umol/mmol creatinine Urine (Diabetic ketosis): 79600.0 (68300.0-90900.0) umol/mmol creatinine Urine (Glucoglycinuria): umol/mmol creatinine
Abnormal Tissue Concentrations	Not Available
Physiological Processes	Not Available

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Introduction

guidelines
Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In water solution both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is the predominant. Glucose is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. In animals glucose arises from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis. Glucose is synthesized in the liver and kidneys from non-carbohydrate intermediates, such as pyruvate and glycerol, by a process known as gluconeogenesis.